SUBSYSTEM FOR DETECTING AND PREVENTING EMERGENCY SITUATIONS IN THE CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM “SMART HOME”

Abstract

This article substantiates the concept and technical implementation of a subsystem for detecting and preventing emergency situations in the cyber-physical system “Smart Home.” The relevance of the study is due to the rapid digitalization of everyday life and the increasing complexity of engineering networks. The cyber-physical system is considered not just as a set of gadgets, but as a complex integrated space where digital services and physical devices interact in a continuous cycle to ensure safety. The paper provides a detailed review of existing solutions, revealing their key shortcomings: high cost and narrow specialization in specific threats. To overcome these barriers, a universal integrated subsystem is proposed, based on the affordable and powerful ESP32 controller, which provides high data processing speed thanks to a dual-core processor and built-in ADCs. The subsystem's hardware stack includes a line of MQ-7, MQ-4, and MQ-2 semiconductor sensors for detecting carbon monoxide, methane, and smoke, as well as a DS18B20 digital thermometer and a YI-S water leak probe sensor. Particular attention has been paid to the system architecture, which is based on a three-level structure: the local level for collecting primary information, the middle level for primary processing based on ESP32, and the upper analytical level, where situational analysis and decision-making modules are implemented.  Communication between levels is carried out via the MQTT protocol over Wi-Fi, which guarantees minimal data transmission delays and reliable delivery of critical messages thanks to the use of QoS 1 quality of service level. The scientific novelty of the approach lies in the use of the principle of situational intellectualization, where the system perceives data as holistic scenarios, allowing for cross-verification of events, for example, confirming the fact of a fire by a simultaneous increase in temperature and smoke level, significantly reducing the likelihood of false alarms. The proposed solution demonstrates an optimal balance between component cost and technical complexity, transforming the living space into a self-reflective safe environment.