INTEGRATION OF SATELLITE AND TERRESTRIAL WIRELESS NETWORKS: ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPTS

Abstract

The convergence of satellite and terrestrial wireless networks is increasingly recognized as a pivotal strategy for achieving ubiquitous global coverage and enhanced resilience in the evolving landscape of 5G and future 6G mobile communication systems. This paper delves into a comprehensive analysis of contemporary architectural frameworks designed for the construction of these hybrid satellite-terrestrial networks, meticulously identifying the primary technical and operational challenges that arise when these disparate network domains are interconnected. Furthermore, the study examines promising technological advancements and relevant industry standards that are facilitating this integration, with a particular focus on the non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) framework within the 5G ecosystem. Looking ahead, the paper also provides insights into the potential role and integration of such hybrid networks within the anticipated architecture of future 6G systems, highlighting the significant contribution expected from low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations in realizing this vision. To provide concrete illustrations of the ongoing efforts in this domain, the paper presents an analysis of prominent examples of integrated system implementations, specifically focusing on the global broadband initiatives such as Starlink, OneWeb, and Amazon Kuiper. This analysis includes a detailed examination of their underlying network architectures and the progress and results they have achieved to date. Drawing upon the latest research findings and the experiences gained from these pioneering projects, the paper demonstrates that, despite the presence of substantial technical hurdles, including issues related to signal delays, Doppler shift, potential interference, infrastructure deployment complexities, and regulatory considerations, the prevailing trends in network management technologies, the ongoing evolution of 3GPP standards, and the significant advancements in satellite manufacturing are collectively rendering the seamless integration of satellite and terrestrial wireless networks an increasingly viable and achievable objective for the next generation of communication infrastructure.